October liturgical calendar
Date
ca.1383-1400
Creator
Object type
Archive reference number
Material
Dimensions
height (sheet): 194mm
width (sheet): 1488mm
height (compartment): 97mm
width (compartment): 62mm
width (sheet): 1488mm
height (compartment): 97mm
width (compartment): 62mm
Subject
Content object
Description
Liturgical calendar for October from a medeival almanac, marking important festivals in the Christian calendar, with a sideways portrait head of the saint against their feast day, along with an attribute identifying them. Ruled and illustrated in red, green, blue and black- brown inks.
The liturgical calendar for October marks the following holy days:
6 October, Feast of Saint Faith the virgin ‘Fidis virginis’. Illustrated with the head of the saint surmounted by a palm of martyrdom; green tree or branch with red fruits.
9 October, Feast of Saint Denis or Dionysius of Lutetia, ‘Diosusii? Locrous? ep?’. Patron saint of Paris, then Lutetia, illustrated with his head surmounted by a tower, possibly symbolic of the church founded in his honour in the place now called St Denis.
13 October, Feast of the Translation of Saint Edward the Confessor ‘Translacio Edwardi Regis’. Illustrated by the head of the king, wearing a crown. He is shown with a reliquary as this feast marks the translation of his relics to a shrine in Westminster Abbey which became a popular place for pilgrimage in the middle ages. Edward had the first Abbey constructed on the sight at Westminster in London and he was also elected king in London though the Royal seat was in Winchester. His feast is entered in red ink denoting it as a major feast or ‘red letter day’, the importance attached to this London saint suggests the almanac could have a connection with the city.
18 October, Feast of Saint Luke the Evangelist ‘Luce ewangeliste’. Each of the four evangelists (authors of the Gospels) is represented by one of four winged animals that collectively represent the four elements. Luke is represented by the bull, though no wings are evident on the illustration here.
The preceding columns of data for each day are populated with the dominical letter (by which the day of the week could be identified for a given year, relative to one known day) and by numbers written in a cipher formed of a circle (10), bracket (5) and dot (1). Arabic number 31 in red at the top of the calendar indicates the number of days in the month.
The liturgical calendar for October marks the following holy days:
6 October, Feast of Saint Faith the virgin ‘Fidis virginis’. Illustrated with the head of the saint surmounted by a palm of martyrdom; green tree or branch with red fruits.
9 October, Feast of Saint Denis or Dionysius of Lutetia, ‘Diosusii? Locrous? ep?’. Patron saint of Paris, then Lutetia, illustrated with his head surmounted by a tower, possibly symbolic of the church founded in his honour in the place now called St Denis.
13 October, Feast of the Translation of Saint Edward the Confessor ‘Translacio Edwardi Regis’. Illustrated by the head of the king, wearing a crown. He is shown with a reliquary as this feast marks the translation of his relics to a shrine in Westminster Abbey which became a popular place for pilgrimage in the middle ages. Edward had the first Abbey constructed on the sight at Westminster in London and he was also elected king in London though the Royal seat was in Winchester. His feast is entered in red ink denoting it as a major feast or ‘red letter day’, the importance attached to this London saint suggests the almanac could have a connection with the city.
18 October, Feast of Saint Luke the Evangelist ‘Luce ewangeliste’. Each of the four evangelists (authors of the Gospels) is represented by one of four winged animals that collectively represent the four elements. Luke is represented by the bull, though no wings are evident on the illustration here.
The preceding columns of data for each day are populated with the dominical letter (by which the day of the week could be identified for a given year, relative to one known day) and by numbers written in a cipher formed of a circle (10), bracket (5) and dot (1). Arabic number 31 in red at the top of the calendar indicates the number of days in the month.
Object history
Robert Moray FRS donated the manuscript to the Royal Society library in 1668 (JBO/3/104: Journal Book, vol. 3 p.232). The provenance of the manuscript, before it came into the hands of Moray, is unknown.
The presence of the feast day ‘Translacio Edwardi Regis’ (13 October) entered on the calendar as a red letter day shows an importance being attached to Edward the Confessor great patron of Westminster Abbey where his relics were a popular site for pilgrimage, this may suggest a London origin. While the inclusion of ‘Translacio Mildride’ (13 July) honouring the Anglo-Saxon princess Mildred, suggests Kent. Mildred was Abbess of Minster-in-Thanet, where she was first buried and her relics were later moved to Canterbury. Four Archbishops of Canterbury also feature in the liturgical calendar, strengthening the connection with Kent as a possible place of origin. The inclusion of cultivation activities early in the annual calendar of labours (digging/planting in February), a later hay harvest (July rather than June) and viticulture (March and September) suggests a temperate southern English climate in support of one of these locations rather than a warmer Mediterranean location or a cooler northern one.
The calendar has been dated to the late 14th century based on the textual content and analysis of the pigments used. Saint George’s feast (23 April) written into the calendar in brown-black ink demarcating it as a lesser feast, indicates the calendar was produced before the elevation of the feast to a red letter day after the battle of Agincourt in 1415. Whilst the presence of the feast of St. Anne, which was not promulgated until 1383 suggests this as the earliest likely date. The presence of the yellow pigment orpiment supports a date in the late 14th century as it was widely replaced by use of lead-tin Yellow around 1400.
An example of a mid-quality almanac. The range of pigments used demonstrate it was produced economically but not with the cheapest available materials. No gold leaf is present and indigo dyes are used for blue rather than more expensive minerals, however vermilion red is employed over cheaper organic sources. The uniformity and selection of pigments (gallo-tannic black rather than carbon-based) suggests that there was a single creator, rather than a scribe and an illustrator as would be expected for a finer document. This is borne out by the fairly crude rendering of the illustrative material and mistakes or omissions in the layout of information, see for example figures missing feet where these would have extended below a ground line and numbers missing from zodiac headings.
Conserved in 2021 with the support of the National Manuscripts Conservation Trust.
Video demonstrating the format of the almanack and relationship of the calendars available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5Gwnk-BrL4
See P Robinson, 'A 'very curious Almanack'; the gift of Sir Robert Moray FRS, 1688', Notes and Records, 2008 vol 62 pp 301-314.
The presence of the feast day ‘Translacio Edwardi Regis’ (13 October) entered on the calendar as a red letter day shows an importance being attached to Edward the Confessor great patron of Westminster Abbey where his relics were a popular site for pilgrimage, this may suggest a London origin. While the inclusion of ‘Translacio Mildride’ (13 July) honouring the Anglo-Saxon princess Mildred, suggests Kent. Mildred was Abbess of Minster-in-Thanet, where she was first buried and her relics were later moved to Canterbury. Four Archbishops of Canterbury also feature in the liturgical calendar, strengthening the connection with Kent as a possible place of origin. The inclusion of cultivation activities early in the annual calendar of labours (digging/planting in February), a later hay harvest (July rather than June) and viticulture (March and September) suggests a temperate southern English climate in support of one of these locations rather than a warmer Mediterranean location or a cooler northern one.
The calendar has been dated to the late 14th century based on the textual content and analysis of the pigments used. Saint George’s feast (23 April) written into the calendar in brown-black ink demarcating it as a lesser feast, indicates the calendar was produced before the elevation of the feast to a red letter day after the battle of Agincourt in 1415. Whilst the presence of the feast of St. Anne, which was not promulgated until 1383 suggests this as the earliest likely date. The presence of the yellow pigment orpiment supports a date in the late 14th century as it was widely replaced by use of lead-tin Yellow around 1400.
An example of a mid-quality almanac. The range of pigments used demonstrate it was produced economically but not with the cheapest available materials. No gold leaf is present and indigo dyes are used for blue rather than more expensive minerals, however vermilion red is employed over cheaper organic sources. The uniformity and selection of pigments (gallo-tannic black rather than carbon-based) suggests that there was a single creator, rather than a scribe and an illustrator as would be expected for a finer document. This is borne out by the fairly crude rendering of the illustrative material and mistakes or omissions in the layout of information, see for example figures missing feet where these would have extended below a ground line and numbers missing from zodiac headings.
Conserved in 2021 with the support of the National Manuscripts Conservation Trust.
Video demonstrating the format of the almanack and relationship of the calendars available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5Gwnk-BrL4
See P Robinson, 'A 'very curious Almanack'; the gift of Sir Robert Moray FRS, 1688', Notes and Records, 2008 vol 62 pp 301-314.
Related fellows
Robert Moray (1608 - 1673, British) , Natural Philosopher
Associated place
